Tin(IV) Chloride Pentahydrate: Structure, Properties, and Applications

Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate, also known as stannic chloride pentahydrate, is a hydrated form of tin tetrachloride (SnCl₄). It is an important compound in both academic research and industrial chemistry, often used in catalysis, organic synthesis, and surface treatments.

What is Tin(IV) Chloride Pentahydrate?

• Chemical formula: SnCl₄·5H₂O

• Molar mass: 351.56 g/mol

• Appearance: White to off-white crystalline solid

• Solubility: Soluble in water, alcohol, and other polar solvents

Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate is the hydrated crystalline form of tin tetrachloride. It readily decomposes in air and moisture, releasing hydrochloric acid vapors.

Structure and Composition

This compound consists of a tin ion in the +4 oxidation state (Sn⁴⁺) coordinated to four chloride ions and five molecules of water. The hydrate stabilizes the otherwise volatile and corrosive anhydrous SnCl₄, making it easier and safer to handle.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Property	Description
Chemical Name	Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate
Formula	SnCl₄·5H₂O
Appearance	Crystalline, deliquescent solid
Solubility	Highly soluble in water and alcohol
Odor	Releases HCl fumes when decomposed
Stability	Hygroscopic and corrosive

 

Key Applications

1. Catalysis in Organic Synthesis

Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate is widely used as a Lewis acid catalyst in organic chemistry. It promotes reactions such as:

• Friedel–Crafts acylation and alkylation

• Esterification and transesterification

• Nitration of aromatic compounds

2. Glass and Surface Coatings

It is employed in the manufacture of glass coatings and anti-reflective films. When thermally decomposed, it leaves behind tin oxide (SnO₂), which is transparent and conductive—ideal for low-emissivity glass and touchscreens.

3. Tin-based Electroplating

SnCl₄·5H₂O is a precursor in electroplating baths for depositing tin coatings on other metals. These coatings improve corrosion resistance and solderability.

4. Precursor to Tin Compounds

Used to prepare:

• Organotin compounds (used in PVC stabilizers)

• Tin oxides (for ceramics and catalysts)

5. Analytical Chemistry

Used in chemical tests as a reagent for the detection of gold, platinum, and other metal ions.

Handling and Safety

Caution: Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate is highly corrosive and moisture-sensitive.

• Always wear gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat

• Use in a fume hood

• Avoid contact with skin or inhalation of fumes

• Store in tightly sealed containers away from moisture and bases

Decomposes upon exposure to air, releasing hydrochloric acid fumes, which are toxic and irritating to the respiratory tract.

Storage and Stability

• Keep in a cool, dry place

• Store in a non-metallic, corrosion-resistant container

• Minimize exposure to air to prevent decomposition

Environmental Impact

If not handled properly, tin compounds can be toxic to aquatic life. Waste should be disposed of as hazardous material, in accordance with local regulations. It should not be released into sewers or waterways.

Conclusion

Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate is a versatile and valuable compound across several industries. Its role as a catalyst, coating precursor, and reagent makes it essential in both laboratory and industrial environments. With proper handling, this compound provides an efficient and effective pathway to advanced materials and chemical transformations.

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